Significance of the Ghost to William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay

Significance of the Ghost to William Shakespeare's Hamlet In Shakespeare's 'Hamlet', the ghost plays a key role in influencing the destinies of the other characters. The ghost is important to the play as it symbolizes both fate and catalyses the plot. It also brings the play into the revenge tragedy genre, which allows foreshadowing to occur and helps the audience, both Elizabethan and contemporary to better understand the play and appreciate it. The late King Hamlet is forced to roam the earth as he was murdered before he could confess to his sins, having to remain in purgatory till his sins are washed from him and he is able to enter into heaven. Hamlet, the tragic hero of the play, and is influenced by the encounter with whom he believes to be his late father, the ghost. Hamlet was both horror-struck and mortified to hear of his father's betrayal. He immediately felt that he must avenge his father and this reveals the role of the ghost, who is able to affect the protagonist. Hamlet is instructed to punish Claudius, the late King Hamlet's brother and murderer. The ghost reveals that Claudius, by killing his own brother, has committed a, "murder most foul," and deserves to die. Written during the first part of the seventeenth century, the tragic endings of revenge plays were pre-ordained by the church and state expectations. Revenge was deemed acceptable only if the avenger died at the end of the play. Only by dying could someone be forgiven for the immoral and illegal act of revenge. Hamlet is placed in this situation by the ghost, who orders him to act against his conscience, and the diametrically opposed commands paralyze hi... ... that the ghost is simply a convention of Elizabethan drama, but although the ghost motif had been used in many dramas of the period, none appeared so ambiguous as the ghost of King Hamlet. This essay illustrates that here may be many interpretations of the ghost, and that these different aspects may affect our understanding of the play. The dual nature of the ghost is reflective of the dual nature of man. The ghost's ambiguities are essential in heightening the tragic element of the play. In embracing the ghost, Hamlet embraces both good and evil. Bibliography www.vccslitonline.cc.va.us/HamletForum/_hamletforum/000002e8.htm www.clicknotes.com/hamlet/Ghost.html www.culturewars.com/CultureWars/2000/June/hamlet.html www.hf.ntnu.no/engelsk/shakespeare/ham.htm www.findfreeessays.com/show_essay/4873.html

A Modern Macbeth :: essays research papers

A Modern Macbeth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When looking back on the recent decades or even last week, it is not difficult to find a Macbeth-like figure in mainstream American culture. In this it is meant that these individuals experience a downfall in an attempt to gain power. One such figure was former President Richard Nixon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nixon was long associated with American politics before his fall from grace. He was along time senator before finally being elected president in 1968. During his first term, his United States went through the Vietnam War and a period of economic inflation. In 1972 he was easily re-elected over Democrat nominee George McGovern. Almost unnoticed during his campaign was the arrest of five men connected with Nixon’s re-election committee. They had broken into the Democrats national head quarters in the Watergate apartment complex, in Washington D.C. They attempted to steal documents and place wire taps on the telephones. By March of 1973, through a federal inquiry, it had been brought to light that the burglars had connections with high government officials and Nixon’s closest aids. Despite Nixon and his lawyers best efforts, it was shown that the president had participated in the Watergate cover-up. On August 8, 1974 Nixon announced, without admitting g uilt, that he would resign. He left the Oval Office the next day: an obvious fall from grace.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So how does this former leader of the free world compare to Macbeth? Before they achieved their positions of power to govern or rule all, both Nixon and Macbeth spent many years being heavily respected amongst their peers. Nixon spent many years as a respected congressman and Macbeth as a soldier and Thane of Glamis. They used the way people viewed them to their advantage to gain a position of power. Nixon used his experience to get him elected president. Macbeth was made Thane of Cawdor and eventually king. Once they both ascended to their respected roles they did whatever it took to protect themselves from any possible threats. Nixon cheated by trying to steal opponents campaign secrets thus giving him an unfair advantage.

Sanger Rainsford: The Realist Essay -- essays research papers

Sanger Rainsford: The Realist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most dangerous game began as a sport for one man. His name is Sanger Rainsford. In Richard Connell’s story â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game,† Sanger Rainsford, an avid hunter, is lost at sea, stranded on â€Å"Ship-Trap† Island-every sailor’s worst nightmare. Rainsford goes through a series of events that prove to be life-altering. Even though Sanger Rainsford went through many trials and tribulations, he never lost his intelligence, composure, or his bravery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rainsford is an intelligent man. Early in the story, â€Å"Rainsford remembered the shots. They had come from the right, and he doggedly swam in that direction† (34). Rainsford had just fallen in the water, swam fifty feet further out, but he kept his senses in the right direction. In total darkness, Rainsford used his intelligence and intellect to reach the land. Also, I don’t think that Rainsford knew he was being sized up when Zaroff was staring at him, but when â€Å"Rainsford’s bewilderment showed in his face† (100), he quickly understood what Zaroff was leading too. Rainsford wasn’t a murderer. Sure he liked to hunt game, but he wasn’t bored as Zaroff was. Rainsford never bought into all the old tales. ‘â€Å"One superstitious sailor can taint the whole ship’s company with fear†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (20). He never got worked up or stressed out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rainsford kept his composure. He stood for right and wrong, but was content through dinner. ‘â€Å"...

Horizontal Integration

Competition DG Information, communication and multimedia Media Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law Miguel Mendes Pereira* â€Å"The ICT and Media Sectors within the EU Policy Framework† U. L. B. -SMIT (Studies on Media, Information and Telecommunications) CEAS-Norwegian School of Management, Oslo Telenor Broadcast Brussels, 7 April 2003 OUTLINE Introduction I. Convergence and integration 1. Technical convergence 2. Economic convergence 3. Efficiencies II. Competition issues 1. The competitive arena 2.Foreclosure 3. The dominance test III. Vertical integration 1. 2. 3. 4. The gate-keeper issue Foreclosure of input markets Leveraging Network effects IV. Horizontal integration 1. General assessment 2. The Newscorp/Telepiu case 3. The EMI/Time Warner case V. Remedies 1. The balance between efficiencies and foreclosure 2. Remedies in the Newscorp/Telepiu case 3. Remedies in the cases Vivendi/Seagram/Canal Plus, Vizzavi and AOL/Time Warner Conclusion * Administrator, European Commission/DG Competition/Media Unit. Lecturer at the Law School of the University of Lisbon.The opinions expressed are purely personal and only engage the author. â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira Ladies and Gentlemen, I wish first of all to thank the SMIT Center and Telenor for inviting me to speak here today. I intend to give you a brief overview of the competition issues raised by vertical and horizontal integration of companies in the media sector. I will start by referring to the convergence trend in the media and telecommunications sectors and its link to the concentration wave we have witnessed during these past three years.I will then highlight the main competition issues which this type of operations raise from a theoretical point of view. I will subsequently address the issues linked specifically to vertical as well as to horizontal integration, and c onclude by illustrating how the European Commission has dealt with these problems by means of remedies accepted as a condition for the approval of this type of concentrations. In so doing, I will refer to a number of cases recently assessed by the Commission such as AOL/Time Warner, EMI/Time Warner, Vizzavi, Vivendi/Seagram/Canal Plus and, decided just last week, Newscorp/Telepiu.I. CONVERGENCE & INTEGRATION Convergence has become all too familiar to most of us as one of the main driving forces behind the recent changes occurred in the media and telecom industries. However, as it so frequently happens with notions that turn into â€Å"buzzwords†, the many meanings attributed to the term â€Å"convergence† are often ambiguous and, as such, unhelpful in order to describe the evolution of the media and telecom industries. Let me therefore turn, first of all, to the two meanings of the term â€Å"convergence† that I consider to be most relevant from a competition la w point of view. . Technical convergence Technical convergence mainly concerns the possibilities offered by digital technology. Those possibilities are reflected, for example, in the infra-structures required to deliver contents like movies or music. With the current digital technology, huge amounts of data may be transmitted to a high number of users through different networks (mobile networks, Internet, satellite). This allows for the dematerialization of media products traditionally sold as physical products (newspapers, films, CD’s) by transforming them into packages of bytes.At the same time, digital technology allows for the convergence of traditionally separate media into a single product, putting together text, sound, video and voice in what has become known as multimedia. Access to TV broadcasting, or rather webcastig, on the Internet is already nowadays a reality and listening to an MP3 music file on a cellular phone is nothing new. 2. Economic convergence Audio-vis ual products were never cheap but the growing competition induced by the proliferation of TV channels has inflated production costs. For example, the by now famous saga â€Å"The Lord of the Rings† has had reported costs of â‚ ¬ 278 million.In order to have an idea of the recent increase in the price for audio-visual contents it is sufficient to compare, for example, the price paid for broadcasting rights of the Football World Cups of 1990, 1994 and 1998 – 241 million ECU – with the price paid for the same rights in respect of the World Cups of 2002 and 2006 – 1,7 billion Euro. Only large companies seem to be able to afford such astronomical costs. 2 â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira In face of economic barriers of such dimension, media companies have shown a trend towards concentration. . Efficiencies What appeared to be particularly new about these alliances and mer gers in the media industry was the search of not only the traditional economies of scale but, above all, the search of economies of scope. This translated into an attempt to use the same product in a number of different ways: pure entertainment and telecommunication, or entertainment and information, or information and telecommunication. From an economic point of view, economies of scope basically translate in lower Average Total Costs as a result of producing a wide range of products.The main feature of this type of concentrations is the vertical integration of the different levels of production and distribution of media products that leads to companies which are able to, for example, produce films or music, register them in DVDs or CDs and distribute them not only to â€Å"brick and mortar† shops but also through the cable, satellite or mobile telephony networks they own. Vertically integrated companies are in a position to exploit their products at every single level of th e value chain. „Create Once, Place Everywhere! seemed to be the motto for the media industry during the Internet bubble, illustrating the need for media producers to place their products in the largest possible number of different platforms. This was the underlying reason for alliances and mergers between companies which are active in sectors of the economy that used to be separate like television and telecommunications. Operations like AOL/Time Warner, Vivendi/Universal, Vivendi/Vodafone for the setting up of portal Vizzavi or the acquisition of Dutch entertainment producer Endemol by the Spanish telecom company Telefonica clearly illustrate this trend.It should be said that, to a large extent, the ratio underlying some of these operations was a deep faith in the Internet potential and a strong belief in the synergies resulting from cross-supply between different technical platforms belonging to the same vertically integrated company. The burst of the â€Å"dotcom bubbleâ₠¬  showed how some of these expectations were possibly premature. We now start seeing some of the vertically integrated groups selling off some of their units (AOL/TW or Vivendi/Universal) and witness consolidation caused by heavy losses incurred during these past few years.Such is the case of the pay-TV industry, as illustrated by the merger in Spain of the platforms Canal Satelite and Via Digital and the merger in Italy between the platforms Stream and Telepiu, approved by the Commission just last week. After a period of extensive vertical integration, we now witness a reflux of horizontal integration dictated to some extent by financial reasons. II. COMPETITION ISSUES 1. The competitive arena Turning now to the competition issues raised by integration of companies, the first step required in order to understand the forces at play is to determine the perimeter of the competitive arena.What do media companies compete for, whom do they try to sell their products to and how do they intend to do it? Media companies compete for – essentially – three things. First, they compete for content, which is what they will ultimately sell to their customers. Access to content produced by third parties or the establishment of production facilities is a sine qua non condition for entering or staying in business. Secondly, they compete for the best way to deliver such content to customers. Access to delivery channels owned by third parties or 3 â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M.Mendes Pereira the possibility to establish their own paths to the customer is what allows media companies to distribute their output. Finally, they compete for the obvious ultimate addressee of all this competition: the customer. But this is a contest which goes beyond the obvious competition for a onetime sale. Some of the businesses in the media & telecom sector (e. g; pay-TV, Internet access), like most IT-driven b usinesses, are based on a durable relationship with the customer. An established customer basis allows for the progressive development of new services and products and for the consequent increase in ARPU1.Access to potential clients managed by third parties or the build-up of their own client basis is the ultimate target of media companies. 2. Foreclosure Foreclosure of the competitive arena is a central concern of EU competition policy in relation to vertical agreements and mergers. Restricted access to input markets (copyrights or contents) or to sales markets (customers, at retail level) may limit inter-brand competition. The extreme example is where a company, as a result of a vertical or horizontal integration, succeeds in simply barring the access to a given market to its competitors.However, in real life foreclosure does not arise in such simplistic terms and mostly materialises by indirect means. For example, by raising rivals’ costs, by raising barriers to entry or b y engaging in tying/bundling. Tying is particularly relevant in the media and telecom sectors given that it is often present in explicit (and in most cases, legitimate) commercial offers: for example, a bundled offer of pay-TV and Internet access, or both plus fixed telephony (so called â€Å"triple play†). The ability to raise rivals’ costs may easily arise where a dominant firm is in a position or acquires such position as a result of a concentration) to control the access by competitors to a given infra-structure or input (a technology or a copyright) and where it has the possibility to charge supra-competitive prices for such access. In the media sector one could think about, for example, access to a satellite platform for TV distribution or to a proprietary standard for Conditional Access System. A company in these circumstances is commonly referred to as a â€Å"gate-keeper†. A central element in the assessment of market power of a company and its possibil ity of foreclosing a given market is the concept of barriers to entry.Where entry barriers do not exist, easy entry will quickly eliminate the problem, even where the incumbent holds large market shares. Entry barriers might be described as â€Å"the advantages of established sellers in an industry over potential entrant sellers, these advantages being reflected in the extent to which established sellers can persistently raise their prices above a competitive level without attracting new firms to enter the industry†2. Although in most cases barriers to entry will indeed have an economic nature, they may in some cases assume other forms.Regulation may function as an entry barrier when it provides for the establishment of special rights, for example when only a limited number of licenses is foreseen. This is the case of terrestrial TV and/or radio broadcasting due to spectrum scarcity. 3. The dominance test Most competition law issues related to vertical and horizontal integrat ion in the media sector have been dealt with by the European Commission under the Merger Regulation, i. e. in respect of concentrations notified under the EC Merger Regulation3. As 2 3 1 Average Revenue per User.J. Bain, Barriers to Competition, H. U. P. 1965, p. 3. Council Regulation (EC) No 4064/89 of 21 December 1989 on the control of concentrations 4 â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira you know, pursuant to Article 2 (3) of the Merger Regulation, â€Å"a concentration which creates or strengthens a dominant position as a result of which effective competition would be significantly impeded in the common market or in a substantial part of it, shall be declared incompatible with the common market. The test applied by the Commission when assessing these operations was therefore a dominance test. The concept of dominance used under the Merger Regulation is equivalent to the one defined by the Court o f Justice in Article 82 cases: â€Å"The dominant position (†¦) relates to a position of economic strength enjoyed by an undertaking which enables it to prevent effective competition being maintained on the relevant market by giving it the power to behave to an appreciable extent independently of its competitors, customers and ultimately of its consumers†4. (†¦) such a position does not preclude some competition, which it does where there is a monopoly or quasi-monopoly, but enables the undertaking which profits by it, if not to determine, at least to have an appreciable influence on the conditions under which that competition will develop, and in any case to act largely in discard of it so long as such conduct does not operate to its detriment. †5 III.Vertical integration The reason why vertical integration is a particularly relevant competition issue in the media sector is because many media companies have during these past years actively sought to take vert ical integration as far as possible. This has been a constant between undertakings, OJ L 395/1, 30. 12. 1989, as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 1310/97 of 30 June 1997, OJ L 40/17, 13. 2. 1998. ECJ, United Brands, case 2/76, ECR [1978] 207. ECJ, Hoffman-La Roche, case 85/76, ECR [1979] 461. eature of the concentrations in the media sector assessed by the Commission. The multiplication of the presence of a company throughout a number of markets along the value chain of the product concomitantly multiplies the possibilities for such a company to foreclose one or more of the corresponding markets where the company possesses market power. In these circumstances, vertical integration may in itself raise barriers to entry. A number of recurrent competition issues has arisen in the cases dealt with by the Commission, and I propose to address the most significant ones. 1.The gate-keeper A gate-keeper role is played by a company possessing a certain infra-structure, technology or know -how allowing it to exert a significant degree of control in respect of the access to a given market. This degree of control is relevant from a competition point of view only where the market power of the gate-keeper is significant and where the infrastructure is a crucial gateway to the market or where the technology at stake is an essential input for any potential new entrant. A gatekeeper will be able to engage in exclusionary practices vis-a-vis its competitors and/or excessive pricing vis-a-vis its customers.A clear gate-keeper issue arose in the recent Newscorp/Telepiu case6, concerning the merger of the two Italian pay-TV platforms Stream and Telepiu. As a result of the merger, the new entity would become the gate-keeper in respect of the access to the only satellite platform in Italy for the provision of pay-TV distribution services. Furthermore, it would become the gate-keeper in respect of a number of technical services associated to 6 Case COMP/M. 2876 Newscorp/Telepiu. S ee prior notification notice in OJCE, C255, 23. 10. 2002, p. 20; press release IP/02/1782 of 29. 11. 2002; press release IP/03/478 of 02. 4. 2003. 5 4 5 â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira pay-TV such as Conditional Access Systems, set-top boxes and Electronic Programme Guides. A gate-keeper issue also arose in the AOL/Time Warner merger7 approved in the year 2000. AOL was the leading Internet access provider in the US and the only provider with a presence in most EU Member States. Time Warner, on the other hand, was one of the world’s largest media and entertainment companies with interests in TV networks, magazines, book publishing, music, filmed entertainment and cable networks.The Commission found that the new entity resulting from the merger would have been able to play a gate-keeper role and to dictate the technical standards for on-line music delivery, i. e. streaming and downloading of music from the Internet. Consequently, AOL/TW could end up holding a dominant position on the emerging market for on-line music delivery. This could happen in two ways. First, AOL/Time Warner would be in a position to develop a closed proprietary formatting technology for all the downloads and streaming of Time Warner and Bertelsmann tracks.The formatting language of AOL/Time Warner could become an industry standard and competing record companies wishing to distribute their music on-line would be required to format their music using the new entity’s technology. Because of its control over the relevant technology, the new entity would be in a position to control downloadable music and streaming over the Internet and raise competitor’s costs through excessive license fees. Alternatively, AOL/Time Warner could format its music (and Bertelsmann’s) to make it compatible with its own software Winamp nly, ensuring at the same time that Winamp could support and play di fferent formats used by other record companies. By formatting its music and the music from Bertelsmann to make them compatible with its own software Winamp only, the new entity would cause Winamp to become the only â€Å"player† in the world capable of playing virtually all the music available on the Internet. By refusing to license its technology, the new entity would impose Winamp as the dominant music player as no other player would be able to decode the proprietary format of TW and Bertelsmann music.As a result of the merger, the new entity would control the dominant player software and could charge supra-competitive prices for it. 2. Foreclosure of input markets A given company may hold a significant degree control over the source of the different businesses at stake in the relevant markets, i. e. of the primary input at the top of the value chain of the product. In the media industries, this will generally refer to the company producing the audio-visual product (films, music, TV-programmes) and/or holding the corresponding copyrights.The control exerted at the source will become relevant from a competition law point of view where the amount or breadth of products and/or copyrights is such as to allow the company to gain a competitive advantage by means of exclusionary or discriminatory practices vis-a-vis its competitors. In AOL/Time Warner, for example, the combined entity would not only possess one of the largest music libraries in the world (Warner Music is one of the 5 music majors) but would also, due to contractual links, have preferential access to the library of Bertelsmann Music Group, also part to the group of the 5 music majors.This would result in the combined entity controlling the leading source of music publishing rights in Europe. 6 7 Case COMP/M. 1845 AOL/Time Warner, decision of 11. 10. 2000, OJ L 268/28, 9. 10. 2001. â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes P ereira The problem was aggravated due to the simultaneous notification of the projected merger between EMI and Time Warner8. The preferential access by AOL/Time Warner to the music copyrights of EMI, Warner and Bertelsmann would have put in the hands of the new entity half of all the music content available in Europe for on-line delivery.A similar problem arose in the Vivendi/Seagram/Canal Plus9 merger in respect of both music and films. Vivendi was a leading company in the telecommunications and media sector, with interests in mobile telephony networks, cinema production and distribution, and pay-TV services. Seagram was a Canadian company which, among other interests, controlled the Universal music and filmed entertainment businesses. In terms of content, the merged entity would have the world’s second largest film library and the second largest library of TV programming in the EEA.It would also be number one in recorded music combined with an important position in terms of publishing rights in the EEA. The position of Vivendi/Universal concerning music rights became particularly relevant in respect of the Vizzavi portal, a portal run by a joint-venture between Vivendi and Vodafone. The Vizzavi joint-venture10 had itself been notified to the Commission just some months before the Vivendi/Universal merger. 3. Leveraging A classic competition concern is the leveraging ability of the parties, i. e. their ability to transpose their market power in a iven market into a neighbouring market, thereby creating or strengthening a dominant position. This problem may become particularly acute in cases where the parties extend their activities into different product or services markets, something that is explicitly sought for by media companies wishing to distribute their products across different platforms. In the Vizzavi case, the creation of the jointventure raised concerns in respect of the ability of the parties to leverage their market power in the market fo r mobile telephony into the market for mobile Internet access.The stated purpose of the Vizzavi portal was to create a â€Å"horizontal, multi-access Internet portal†, providing customers with a range of web-based services across a variety of platforms (PCs, mobile phones, TV set-top boxes). As regards Internet access via mobile phone handsets, the issue arose in respect of the significant market position of Vodafone in the market for mobile telephony in a number of European countries (and of Vivendi in France). Vodafone and Vivendi already had a very significant customer basis in these countries and therefore a solid path to the future customers of the JV was already established.On the basis of their client basis for mobile telephony services, the position of the JV-parties in the market for mobile Internet access would be strengthened by the Vizzavi branded and integrated approach to Internet across various platforms, which would allow for cross-selling and bundling of offe rs. This would allow the new entity to leverage a strong position in the mobile telephony market into a dominant position on the mobile Internet access market.As regards Internet access via TV set-top boxes, a similarly solid distribution channel was also owned by Canal+ in respect of its customer basis for pay-TV services. A similar concern therefore arose in respect of the ability of Canal+ leveraging its strong market 7 Case COMP/M. 1852 Time Warner/EMI, see Press Release IP/00/617 of 14. 06. 2000. 9 Case COMP/M. 2050 Vivendi/ Seagram/ Canal Plus, decision of 13. 10. 2000, OJ C 311/3, 31. 10. 2000. 10 Case COMP/JV. 48 Vodafone/Vivendi/Canal Plus, see Press Release IP/00/821 of 24. 07. 2000. 8 Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira position in the pay-TV market into the market for Internet access via set-top boxes. The overall concern therefore arose in respect of the ability of both Vodafone and Canal+ to m igrate their customer basis from the mobile telephony and pay-TV markets to the Internet access markets by using the already existing distribution channels. Another clear vertical leveraging issue arose in the Vizzavi case, as regards the buying power of the J-V parties.Already before the operation, Canal+ was an important buyer of content for pay-TV, such as TVprogramming, sports and films. Furthermore, it had a large customer basis accustomed to pay for content. The Vizzavi portal would combine a powerful new Internet access mechanism with paid-for content. Given the dominant position that the parties would acquire on the Internet access markets which I mentioned before, the operation would allow the parties to leverage their market power in the markets for Internet access into the market for the acquisition of paid-for content for the Internet.Moreover, the structural link between Vivendi and Canal+ and AOL France (55%) made the concern in respect of the increase in the bargainin g power of the parties even more serious. The leverage allowed for by the operation would naturally work in detriment of the parties’ competitors in the markets for mobile telephony and pay-TV. The concerns identified in the Vizzavi operation were strengthened when Vivendi and Canal+ notified some months later their acquisition of Seagram, the Canadian company owning the music and film business of Universal.The Commission considered that Canal+ would further increase its dominant position on a number of European pay-TV markets at national level. Already before the operation Canal+ enjoyed an almost monopolistic position in respect of the acquisition of the exclusivity on Hollywood films produced by the major studios (in France, Spain and Italy). The acquisition of Universal Studios would further strengthen Canal+’s position as purchaser of Hollywood films, not only in respect of Universal itself but also in relation to other studios due to underlying financial links.Du e to the vertical integration of Universal and Canal+, Canal+ would be able to leverage its position in order to secure the renewal of the exclusive agreements for pay-TV with all of the Hollywood studios and in fact also to enter into new deals. The bargaining power of Canal+ vis-a-vis the film studios would therefore be increased, allowing Canal+ to further foreclose the payTV markets where it already was active. 4.Network effects Let me now turn to another issue that often arises in media cases, most notably since convergence with the telecom industry became a reality: network effects. A network effect may, in simple terms, be described as the self-multiplying power of a network. In economic terms, a network effect occurs when the benefit of an individual who is linked to the network increases with the accession of other individuals. In AOL/Time Warner, the Commission found that the distribution strength of AOL combined with the content of Time Warner and Bertelsmann would create network effects n respect of both content providers and consumers: – for content providers, the AOL Internet community would become an essential outlet for the distribution of their products; – on their side, consumers, would be deprived of any incentive abandon AOL. The network effects would work both ways: more subscribers would bring more content and more content would bring more subscribers. Newcomers would also be attracted to AOL community because the 8 â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira arger the community, the more the possibilities to chat and communicate through AOL. The reason for this lies at the critical mass of content owned by Time Warner and Bertelsmann (namely their huge music library) combined with the huge Internet community formed by AOL subscribers and the members to its Instant Messaging services. The critical mass of content owned by TW and Bertelsmann would att ract further music from other record companies. Competing record companies would feel obliged to distribute their products through AOL’s online outlet, which would end up having access to all the available music.Furthermore, AOL would be able to bundle TW and Bertelsmann music content (or filmed entertainment content) with Internet access and other proprietary services and give its subscribers preferential access to that content, allowing for instance its subscribers to access new releases before they were made public through other distribution channels. Attractive content such as music or films could also be used as promotional tools or loss-leaders in order to subscribe to Internetaccess services.Consequently, the more subscribers AOL would attract, the more important it would become as a carrier for content providers seeking to secure maximum distribution. First mover advantages are particularly strong in network industries. It comes as no surprise that, for example, mobil e telephony companies give away, or strongly subsidise, mobile handsets to their customers such as to quickly establish a significant customer basis leading to increasingly stronger network effects.This circumstance justifies a particular attention by the Commission when assessing concentrations in the media & telecom industries. The combination of network effects with a strong market position may significantly raise barriers to entry and consequently lead to market foreclosure. IV. Horizontal integration Competition problems which are specific to the media sector are more likely to be found in cases of vertical integration than in cases of horizontal integration.I would argue that in cases of horizontal integration, the competition issues arising in the media sector are equivalent to the ones to be found in any other sector. The issue basically concerns classic market power and the required exercise translates into measuring such market power with the help of the traditional analyt ical tools: market shares, barriers to entry, etc. Furthermore, there haven’t been that many examples of problematic cases of horizontal integration in the media sector dealt with by the Commission.The two most significant examples are probably EMI/Time Warner and the recent Newscorp/Telepiu. 1. The Newscorp/Telepiu case This concentration was notified to the Commission on 16 October 2002 and was cleared on 2 April 2003, further to the submission by the parties of an extensive package of undertakings. Newscorp, the acquiring firm, is a global media company, which is active in the film and TV industries, publishing (newspapers and books) and a number of other areas.It controlled the Italian (satellite) pay-TV platform Stream jointly with Telecom Italia. Telepiu, the acquired firm, was controlled by Vivendi Universal, itself a global media group. Telepiu is the dominant pay-TV operator in Italy. Its platform started operating via analogue-terrestrial means in 1991 and went on s atellite in 1996. The markets affected by the operation were: a) the market for pay-TV services; b) the markets for the acquisition of contents, namely: 9 Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira G G G G premium films; football events; other sports; TV channels. parties’ music recording publishing11 businesses. and music It should be underlined that experience shows that some of this content, namely premium films and football, is crucial for the success of any pay-TV operation. The notified operation would give rise to significant horizontal overlaps and would have a very strong impact on actual competition.In more concrete terms, the operation would lead to: a) the creation of a near monopoly in the Italian market for pay-TV; b) the creation of a near monopsony in the markets for the acquisition of rights Furthermore, the characteristics of the markets at stake would cause entry barriers to rise signific antly. 2. The EMI/Time Warner case This concentration was notified to the Commission on 5 May 2000. It never materialised given that, further to a statement of objections issued by the Commission, the parties withdrew their notification.Time Warner is a global media company, with interests extending from film production and distribution to TV production and broadcasting, cable systems operation, magazine publishing, book publishing, recorded music and music publishing. EMI is a company incorporated in the UK, its main activities being music recording and publishing world-wide. The notified concentration involved the combination of the There were serious doubts as to the compatibility of the proposed operation with the common market due to the significant horizontal overlaps in the relevant markets.The assessment carried out by the Commission showed a very high likelihood of the operation resulting in a single dominance of the merged entity in the music publishing business and collec tive dominance, jointly with the other four remaining music â€Å"Majors†, in the market for recorded music. V. Remedies Having gone through some of the competition problems raised by vertical and horizontal integration in the media industry, let me now conclude by explaining how the Commission has tried to solve these problems.The Commission had to achieve a balance between two somehow conflicting elements: – on the one hand, the Commission was aware of the reasons that lead companies to seek further integration, namely where these reasons were related to clear efficiencies; – on the other, it became aware of the serious competition problems to which some of these concentrations gave rise, namely the risk of foreclosure of the affected markets. The approach taken by the Commission was therefore not to prohibit most of these operations but rather approving them on the basis of strict undertakings proposed by the parties and accepted as a condition for the approv al.However, the Commission can only accept commitments by the parties when the 11 Music publishing consists of the acquisition by publishers of rights to musical works and their subsequent exploitation upon remuneration, mostly in the form of a commission charged by the publisher to the author on the revenues generated by the commercial exploitation of musical works. 10 â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M. Mendes Pereira competition problems are effectively solved.In fact, the underlying objective of any remedy package should be to create the conditions for actual competition to subsist and/or for potential competition to emerge. This aim must be achieved by lowering barriers to entry in the affected markets and through the creation of competitive constraints which effectively operate as a disciplining and restraining factor of the dominant player. The main concern of the Commission in media-related cases was to ens ure access, access to the relevant markets or access to those crucial elements allowing for new entrants to establish themselves in those markets.In parallel, the Commission has often imposed divestitures or the severance of structural links that aggravated the foreclosure problems. 1. Remedies in the Newscorp/Telepiu case In Newscorp/Telepiu, the undertakings accepted by the Commission can be divided in three major groups: a) access to content, via namely a reduction in the duration of exclusivity agreements with premium content providers and the establishment of a sub-licensing scheme through a wholesale offer; b) access to infra-structure, i. . access to the satellite platform for pay-TV distribution as well as to the technical services associated with pay-TV; c) withdrawal from terrestrial broadcasting activities. As regards access to content, with respect to ongoing exclusive contracts, a unilateral termination right shall be granted to film producers and football clubs. Furthe rmore, the new entity will waive exclusive rights with respect to TV platforms other than DTH12 (terrestrial, cable, UMTS, Internet etc. ).The parties shall also waive any other protection rights as regards means of transmission other than DTH. With respect to future exclusive contracts, the new entity shall not subscribe contracts exceeding two years with football clubs and three years with film producers. The exclusivity attached to these contracts will only cover DTH transmission and would not apply to other means of transmission (for example, terrestrial, cable, UMTS and Internet ). Furthermore, the parties shall waive any protection rights as regards means of transmission other than DTH.Lastly, the merged entity shall offer third parties, on a unbundled and non-exclusive basis, the right to distribute on platforms other than DTH any premium contents if and for as long as the combined platform offers such premium contents to its retail customers. Such wholesale offer will be mad e on the basis of the retail minus principle and will imply an account separation and cost allocation between wholesale and retail operation of the platform. The beneficiaries of the wholesale offer shall be free to determine their own pricing policy.As regards access to the infra-structure, the merged entity shall grant third parties access to its satellite platform and access to the application program interface (API) and conditional access system (CAS), according to a fair non-discriminatory pricing formula. The new entity will also have the obligation of entering into simulcrypt agreements in Italy as soon as reasonably possible and in any event within 9 months from the written request from an interested third party. As regards the withdrawal from terrestrial activities, the merged entity shall divest of Telepiu's digital and analogue terrestrial 2 Direct To Home satellite. 11 â€Å"Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law† – M . Mendes Pereira broadcasting assets and commits not to enter into any further DTT activities, neither as network nor as retail operator. The frequencies will have to be acquired by a company willing to include pay-TV broadcasting of or more channels in its business plan for the operation of the divested business after the switchover from analogue to digital terrestrial television broadcasting in Italy. . Remedies in the Vivendi/Seagram/Canal Plus, Vizzavi and AOL/Time Warner cases In Vizzavi, the project of the parties provided for the Vizzavi portal to be the default portal on Vodafone and SFR mobile phone customers, as well as on Canal+ set-top boxes. The Commission imposed the possibility of customers changing the default portal on their devices, as well as the possibility of competing telecom operators accessing the customers’ devices.This commitment by the parties prevented them from bundling their offers on a fully exclusive basis and prevented them consequently from l everaging their market power in a way such as to gain dominant positions in the markets for Internet access and Internet portals. In Vivendi/Seagram/Canal Plus, the parties undertook to grant access to Universal’s music content to any third party on a nondiscriminatory basis, therefore reducing the concerns in respect of the Internet portals market and the on-line music market.The parties also undertook not to offer more than 50% of the Universal’s film production to Canal+, thereby reducing the concerns in respect of the foreclosure by Canal+ of the pay-TV markets. As regards the severance of structural links, Vivendi undertook to divest from BSkyB in which it held a 25% stake. The severance of this link to Fox, namely through their joint venture UIP for the distribution of films in Europe, significantly reduced the impact of the acquisition of Universal.In AOL/TW, you may recall that the competition concerns started at the source, due to the breadth of music copyrigh ts that the new entity would control. Warner Music, combined with Bertelsmann music due to crossed shareholdings, and in addition the EMI library (should the EMI/TW merger be approved), would put in the hands of the new entity a huge amount of content that rendered the gate-keeper role played by AOL in respect of music player software and the network effects resulting from the AOL community as serious competition concerns. The abortion of the EMI/Time Warner merger already reduced significantly the competition concerns.Therefore, the attention of the Commission was focussed on the structural link between AOL and Bertelsmann in AOL Europe and AOL France. In this respect, AOL undertook to put in place a mechanism pursuant to which Bertelsmann would exit from AOL Europe. Once solved the problem at the source, the other concerns were partially dissipated. As regards online music delivery, AOL also undertook not to take any action that would result in Bertelsmann music being available on line exclusively through AOL or being formatted in a proprietary format that was playable only on an AOL music player.Conclusion If I had to sum up the Commission’s approach in three words as regards competition in the media markets, they would certainly be: access, access and access! No matter how far media companies integrate, vertically or horizontally, access is crucial. Access to inputs, access to contents and access to infra-structure remains fundamental in order to ensure the freedom of choice by the ultimate addressee of competition policy: the consumer. Thank you for your attention. 12

Airbnb Marketing Strategy Essay

INTRODUCTIONAirbnb, founded during the sparing d ca dropturn of 2008, is unitary of galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) a(prenominal) forward- odouring dutyes operating indoors the growing sh bed permitnce. Airbnb allows an alternative to the traditional hotel ancestry and altogetherows blank space fool goters, termed entertains, to advertise and guide their extra space, be it a excess room, a gaugement or treeho expend. Guests search by dint of the Airbnb website, read reviews and connect with emcees to find less(prenominal) conventional and, often much than, affordable lodging. find out to Airbnbs business success is establishing a framework of aver on which twain legions and leaf nodes elicit rely, a dodge Airbnb has veritable by dint of a strong market strategy and done circumstantial practices that instigate troops and client throughout the letting process. Building this framework of trust in the system is a wildness non further for Air bnb, hardly is in accompaniment emblematic of a confederacy operating in the raw portion out scrimping.WHAT IS THE SHARING sparing?The manduction miserliness is a smart economic opportunity for guests to doorway goods whenever they be required at that moment with access trumping ownership. For example, if a person and uses a simple machine at erstwhile a month, they could bring a car from a manduction rescue corporation wish ZipCar instead of paying a periodic car payment for a car they b bely use. Following the economic recession, m any the Statesns comport be sustain less inefficient in victimisation their economic resources. In addition, more Ameri dissolves argon expressing an interest in being more preferablely sensible of green initiatives and separate loving responsibilities (Neilson). These trends gull resulted in a new focus on shell outd resources. Beyond just the economic benefits, good entrust and community absorb atomic number 1 8 important drivers of the sacramental manduction forgetnce. Today, nation who givel the burden of the cur riptide economic period may prefer to mesh or sell to their peers instead of give their business to major corporations.Furthermore, the Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) business personate is whole(a)owing many soulfulnesss to exploit their own resources to acquit additional income without the high startup be and long-term commitment for business sustainability. Although the desire of sh atomic number 18 is an old idea, the ability for sharing to generate profit is relatively new. The sharing economic system is greatly influenced by online calling and genial media. Online transaction has made it easier forpeers to sh atomic number 18 their goods and values with one a nonher using trusted financing service through websites such as PayPal. Social media has helped circulate the economic and personal benefits of the sharing economy and has served as the fundamental marketing machine for the growth of countless cooperative uptake companies. Companies functioning primarily in the sharing economy consistently urge their sub military strength absubstance abusers to sh be their catchs via Facebook, Twitter and other companionable ne cardinalrks. These affectionate platforms induct become so integrate in web transactions that once a guest has confirmed or paid, they argon prompted to immediately post their money-saving or moneymaking success forthwith to their cordial media page of choice.Also referred to as collaborative spending, the social economy follows the idea that batch give setoff use what they have, borrow, swap, make and thrift items before they actually bar stimulate for fewthing mug new (Anderson). The marketers of these sharing economy companies primarily target a few segments but be constantly expanding. urban areas and members of the X and Y propagations are chance on demographics for the sharing economy. Demo graphically, the majority of sharing economy companies will target Generation Y due to their concern for environmental and social issues that influence their finis to save and utilize resources (Kotler, Philip, and Kevin Lane Keller, Chapter 8). Statistics shew that the newest generation of adults buys few houses and fewer cars than its predecessors (Ciccone). Furthermore, Generation Y is attracted to original practices such as the sharing economy and is highly social, able to spread the word.Generation X is more kindredly to be those who are rental out their goods and services. As Generation X has more responsibilities, they taste the extra income that helps them finance their obligations, such as children and paying a mortgage. People are collaborating informally in their communities out of both necessity and as a life-style choice. A sharing economy high society should concentrate on clothe uping, ne twainrking and experience to batten down its success (Olson). Brand ing is attain because sharing economy companies want consumers to have authorization in their leaf blade. The sharing economy is at an benefit, being relatively new with a market that is interconnected through online commerce and social media.Outside of spreading the work, a sense of community is built in spite of appearance the network. Finally, a sharing economy community has to concentrate on node experience. Customers are looking for ease ofuse and harvest-feast entertain. When these desires are met, consumers will return to use the service as well as recommend it to others. One very lucky example of a company with the sharing economy employing these factors is Airbnb, who in less than a decade has built a major competitor to the centuries old hotel industry.WHAT IS AIRBNB?Brian Chesky and Joe Gebbia founded Airbnb in San Francisco, when they began renting out airbeds in their apartment to community attending a local throng to generate additional income in 2008. The archaean business poseur for Airbedandbreakfast.com, by and by renamed Airbnb, rivet on large conferences such as the Democratic and Republi shtup Conventions, which created bustling business in the 2008 election year. In 2009 the founders, straight off including Gebbias former roommate and technical school wiz Nathan Blecharczyk, received $600,000 in bug funding from Sequoia Capital. In that a standardized year, acknowledging that renting to complete strangers made many people uncomfortable, Chesky and Gebbia flew to New York City, berth to many of their users, to meet with multitudes in person and view for authorisation improvements.This was an unusual strategy for an profits company but it later proven to be profitable. Over the next two years, Airbnb made several key strategic changes that gave it direction and force in the securities industry. Of concomitant none was the establishment of Airbnbs cistrons payment flummox and the decision to bring in professional s to vulnerabilitygraph server homes. By the end of 2011, Airbnb had gone outside(a) and r separatelyed decisive mass (Geron). Forbes estimates that Airbnb likely unconnected money in 2012 in favor of accelerating growth, a hit the company could stretch forth due to the influx of nifty from divers(a) Silicon Valley venture capital firms (Geron). Their market penetration is comparatively strong, correspond to Tech Crunch, with Airbnbs booking judge to have surpassed that of Hilton in 2012 (Empson), and hosts renting to an estimated 2.5 one thousand thousand people according to the Economist ( altogether eyes on the sharing economy).The Wall Street Journal treasured Airbnb at $2.5 billion in October 2012, and Privco communicate their revenues for that year to be at $one hundred eighty million (Melby). In exchange for customer persist, website maintenance and various amends and protection features, Airbnb employs a broker-style payment assume, taking a portion ofthe rent al expense mingled with 6% and 12% from the guest, depending on the prescribe price, and a 3% service fee from the host (Geron). Airbnb has come into its own financially, musical composition still maintaining an individuation that, though not especially anti-corporate, is certainly fresh, young and progressive. From the company logo, with its pornographic, curly lettering and informal design, to its emphasis on direct interaction with say-so users, Airbnb has built its brand for the generation stir by innovation.The motto give way like a human emphasizes the difference betwixt the traditional, impersonal, corporate travel experience and the opportunity Airbnb presents to users to build their personal networks with hosts in off the beaten track(predicate) off places, at a trim back cost. As is perhaps to be expect with an internet company, Airbnb relies heavily on social media to create and perpetuate its brand identity. A key aspect of the company brand is the travel experience. They post a traveler of the week on their Facebook, Twitter and Google positivistic pages, and recently concluded a photo contest using Instagram, with Airbnb travel impute as the intrude. spot the choice of prize may be a mo opportunistic, the interactive concept to use the mainstream photo-sharing app, and the punish both fit well with the Airbnb brand and kept the focus on travel rather than profit motive. Naturally, travelers blog posts that advert Airbnb, whether they focus on the company or simply mention it in passing, are often promoted through re-tweets and posts on the Airbnb blog.The experience of travel is only one view of a company identity that is as bangfully well-rounded and collectioning as its users. Airbnb in any case emphasizes its interest in the fashionable local movement with its Living topical anaesthetic shows, a part of its AirTV series. Each online succession features a tour of a rummy Airbnb host property, and interviews with th e for the most part personable host or hosts. Beyond that, Airbnb is aware of the aggregation of its unique and tech-centric business model to technology and tech nerds. The company provides content supply directly to this audience through its specific engineering blog nerds.Airbnb.com and its Tech blather YouTube series, where young tech enthusiasts present on innovative new technologies and how they can and are being harnessed to build businesses (YouTube). These videos, generally around an hour in length, provide an in-depth review of current technological and business innovations.Airbnb also uses social media to associate itself with other organizations, not unlike cross branding, whichestablishes Airbnb as ethnicly present and economically innovative season also eliminating the costs of a major advertising campaign. Their Facebook page, for example, lists SXSW, TED, Virgin America, lone(prenominal) Planet and Business Punk as organizations that Airbnb Likes. Each of t hese associations streng thuss their brand Virgin America connects them to another untraditional travel company and to Virgins maverick CEO, Richard Branson, whose appeal to young professionals has made him by faraway the most followed Influencer on professional social media site LinkedIn (LinkedIn Today Top minds, big ideas).Similarly, their public association with SXSW reveals a pagan affinity in line with that of their clientele, and functions in tandem with the demand for lodging during the festival, to which Airbnb has devote a specific section of their site. by these trys, the company has branded itself as young, innovative and culturally and technically savvyall traits that exist outside of its travel-focused revenue stream, but which are inherently appealing to the clientele, both hosts and guests, on which Airbnb relies.AIRBNB FOR GUESTSAirbnbs business model focuses on consumer-to-consumer (C2C) transactions based on trust. Its model is similar to the familiar C2C market place of eBay where buyers and sellers engage in transactions that are each evaluated by man-to-mans for their direct of seek on the basis of detailed profiles, history, product, price and other resources. However for Airbnb, the relative level of investment for guests and hosts is significantly higher on a per transaction basis. Travelers are take chancesing their holiday experience, synthetic rubber and in most cases, a relatively higher dollar value than a single product purchase. legionss are offering their homes, their personal retirement and their own preventative, as well as their animated experience for the time that their place is firmd by a guest. With these personal investments in mind, the success of Airbnbs ability to instill confidence, trust and safety throughout their network was critical to the success of the company.Airbnbs roadmap to build safety and guarantor for their renters includes a private message system that allows users to learn about each other prior to booking while holding private breeding to be disclosed at a later time. Another system is Airbnbs support ID badge where users willregister their social networks such as LinkedIn, Facebook, Airbnb reviews and official sustenance from their photo ID and/or passport. With the proof of all of these resources matching up, those users will receive a Verified ID badge with their account information demonstrating to other users that their identification has been vetted. In April of 2013, Airbnb began indiscriminately selecting users to complete this profile and expect to have this expanded worldwide for all Airbnb members in the near future.Over the last two years, Airbnb has made efforts to increase their resources to expand security and sustain the trust in the marketplace by doubling the size of their customer support staff with 247 support, creating a dedicated Trust & guard department and designing tools to verify user profiles and facilitating richer commun ications among guests and hosts prior to booking. With these canonical features, the usability, consistency and accessibility to hosts and the Airbnb support team up continue to be critical characteristics to Airbnbs service roadmap. Although, when travelers are shopping they also have the business of maximizing their use of these tools and take care in evaluating their own transaction risk by peruse host profiles, reviews, social networks and even connecting with their host on a regular basis.AIRBNB FOR HOSTSHosts are just as much Airbnbs customers as guests so while they moldinessiness extol guests to stay in an individuals conformity, Airbnb must simultaneously inspire trust and confidence in the Airbnb model for hosts. Airbnbs actions and interactions with hosts and likely hosts are meant to regurgitate an image of image, confidence and community for the host, with a particular focus on doing so administratively, financially and socially. To simplify and centralize th e hosting process, Airbnb manages all the administrative functions of becoming a host, which provides a support system and protection for the host and his or her property. Rather than having hosts build a new website for their rental, the site is already created (in sixfold languages and currencies) and all he or she must do to get started is create a profile. Airbnb has a free customer service team to help first-time hosts understand the process. piece of music Airbnb makes it clear on their website that under stand up task and legal status for hosts is theresponsibility of the host, Airbnb provides type documents and answers to common questions on their website.Although Airbnb maintains the site architecture, hosts are in complete control oer the rental price, amenities and house rules. Airbnb in some cases will even offer free professional photography for host properties. A secure online payment system is built into the website to guarantee complete, on-time payment directly to the host (Why Host). Hosts are essentially allowing a stranger into their home (or boat, treehouse, etc.) so a sense of control is key for their confidence in this model. To do so, Airbnb creates systems to offer protection to hosts persons and property. Hosts have arrive control over who rents their itemisation. A potential drop guest puts in a stockpile request through the online system and thus the host has 24 hours to accept or decline the request. During this time the host and potential guest can communicate through the website communications system and reference the aforesaid(prenominal) verified ID system. However, the rental address is not given out until the owner accepts the guest and hosts also have access to the 24-hour customer service hotline (Trust).Since most hosts are renting first-string residences or rooms, protect against potential damage is much more important than if this was a hotel or business. while normal renters or homeowners insurance is the res ponsibility of the host, in 2011 Airbnb launched its Host Guarantee property protection program. In May 2012, it took insurance underwritten by Lloyds of London to keep up the Host Guarantee to up to $1 million in property damages. This covers guest damages beyond the scope of apt wear and tear in 23 countries. No additional cost or actions are required for the host to have this protection (Guarantee). The financial bonus is a key reason people become hosts. In a observe of members of Airbnb in San Francisco in November 2012, over 90% of hosts rented their primary residences to visitors and spent almost half(a) the income they made on living expenses (Lawler). To boost more people to become hosts and to support existing hosts, Airbnb also focuses on facilitating the financial aspects of renting. Firstly, it is free to create a listing using Airbnb.For online payments, the guest submits payment and once the reservation is accepted Airbnb processes and collects the payment in ful l. Airbnb holds the payment until 24 hours after sign in (and after the guest-host walk through). This helps uphold host cancellation policies and provides a neutral third-partyfor financial exchange. The Airbnb website also facilitates cleaning fees which are held until the property is vacated. The secure payment of fees and usage is a key way Airbnb builds confidence for hosts in addition to the social and cultural aspects of hosting. While the first reason most hosts decide to rent their space is financial, another reason is a desire to meet new people, show off their city and be part of the appropriated economy.Airbnb allows hosts to rent out primary and secondary residences, but 50% of hosts rent private rooms in their residence while they are there ( vitality). On the Airbnb site, there are legion(predicate) forums and guides for people to learn about becoming a host, exchange ideas and form a deeper community within the sharing economy. The social community built in Airbnb , gain the financial and administrative support systems, promote new and repeat hosts to open their homes and lives up to the world because they trust in the brand and system created by Airbnb.NEXT stairsAirbnbs success did not come without the expected growing pains of any startup company, and especially one autocratic a dominant market share in the new sharing economy. While its impact on the tourist trade, individual income, revenue to small businesses and economic stimulant are remarkable, the personal price some individuals have had to pay using Airbnbs service is important not to overlook. From city-issued sanctions to individuals violating consume regulations, to vandalism of personal property and identity theft, the safety, benefits, opportunity costs, and sustainability of Airbnbs service has been questioned in the media. To alleviate some of these concerns and remain a viable business, Airbnb should examine these obstacles in an effort to institute awareness through i ts community. They can continue to find ways to provide a more comprehensive and scrutinized ID verification process for all of their users to minimize the cosmea of bad apples.The level of care that hosts place on evaluating their individual transaction risk and understanding of regulations specific to their city has a direct impact on their safety and success as an Airbnb host. Through consumer forums, hosts, guests, and potential consumers and guests can communicate on a network to learn from their peers. Airbnb should also have expanding the countries covered and the items covered under theHost Guarantee to increase host protections locally and internationally. Moving forward, Airbnb has to be conscious of the popular pitfalls fellow sharing economy companies have faced. In a Campbell Mithun study, consumers were concerned with the following, in descending order What I play could get lost or stolen, I might not trust others in the network, my privacy might be compromised, sh aring is not worth the effort, and the goods or services might be of poor quality (Olson). As described above, Airbnb has taken requirement measures to help defend the safety and privacy of its host and guests. However, as the sharing economy evolves, this could get more difficult and new safety concerns can arise that Airbnb will need to resolve quickly.collaborative consumption represents a major economic, social and cultural shift as it moves out of early childhood and toward acceptance. These companies need to find the balance between the potential of the sharing economy and the standing regulation of the government. The current brick and mortar companies that are participating in highly-regulated industries like hotels or rental cars now have to repugn with services that do not go through the same rigorous levels of followup or qualifications to ensure public safety (Lawler). communion economy companies could make a solid argument for self-regulation. Airbnb should take ca re that they currently have the proper worry to ensure there are no nefarious parties in their business traffic and that their brand is strong enough to self-regulate (Lawler). For a well-rounded approach, shared economy companies should look towards or at least be aware of how the government may let down regulations to see how they might help or hinder Airbnbs progress.There will come a time when companies like Airbnb will need to defend their maverick and minimally regulated services, and should now put into place a team that can defend them. Lobbying municipal and state governments in high usage areas is a more traditional but still relevant area for Airbnb to protect its business model and by extension its users. The greatest advantage that collaborative consumption has when defending their stance to the economy is that they exist to help people in their communities to meet their goals (Metcalf, Warburg).These companies need to supplement their community-based benefits as a way to gain support and appeal to those wanting great government intervention. Preparation and understanding of user needs, government regulations and economic trends will bridge over the nascent sharedeconomy into a strong, sustainable economic force. Therefore, if Airbnb continues to focus on building a brand that consumers can trust in and created mechanisms to support hosts and guests then it can be a durable, profitable company for years to come.WORKS CITEDAirbnb. YouTube. Web. 27 June 2013. https//www.youtube.com/user/AirbnbAnderson, Lauren. Collaborative Consumption Directory Visualized. Collaborative Consumption. Collaborative Consumption, 30 May 2013. Web. 01 July 2013. http//www.collaborativeconsumption.com/2013/05/30/collaborative-consumption-directory-visualized.Ciccone, Alicia. The Sharing Economy. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 05 Sept. 2012. Web. 01 July 2013. http//www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/05/the-sharing-economy_n_1857201.htmlEmpson, Rip. CEO B rian Chesky Says Airbnb Will Be Filling More Room Nights Than wholly Hilton Hotels By The End Of 2012. TechCrunch., 12 Dec. 2012. Web. 29 June 2013. http//techcrunch.com/2012/12/12/cloudera-ceo-mike-olson-by-december-31st-airbnb-will-be-filling-more-room-nights-than-hilton-hotels/Geron, Tomio.Airbnb and the Unstoppable revive of the Share Economy. Forbes, 11 Feb. 2013. Forbes.Guarantee. Airbnb. Web 30 June 2013. https//www.Airbnb.com/guaranteeLawler, Ryan. Airbnb Our Guests Stay Longer and swing More Than Hotel Guests, Contributing $56M to the San Francisco Economy. Tech Crunch. 9 November 2012. 30 June 2013. http//techcrunch.com/2012/11/09/airbnb-research-data-dump/Lawler, Ryan. Balancing mental institution And Regulation In The SharingEconomy.TechCrunch. Crunchbase, 9 Dec. 2012. Web. 01 July 2013. http//techcrunch.com/2012/12/09/balancing-innovation-and-regulation-in-the-sharing-economy.Life Airbnb. Web 30 June 2013. https//www.Airbnb.com/lifeLinkedIn Today Top Minds, coarse Ideas. LinkedIn.com. Web. 29 June 2013. http//www.linkedin.com/today/influencers?trk=tod3-top-nav-filterKotler, Philip, and Kevin Lane Keller. Chapter 8 Identifying Market Segments and Targets. Marketing Management. Upper shoot down River, NJ Prentice Hall, 2012.Melby, Caleb. Who Will take a leak Rich from Sky High Airbnb valuation? Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 19 Oct. 2012. Web. 27 June 2013. http//www.forbes.com/sites/calebmelby/2012/10/19/peter-thiel-may-invest-150-million-in-airbnb-at-2-5-billion-valuation/Metcalf, Gabriel, and Jennifer Warburg. A Policy Agenda for the Sharing Economy.SPUR.com. The Urbanist, Oct. 2012. Web. 02 July 2013. http//www.spur.org/publications/library/article/policy-agenda-sharing-economy.Olson, Kristine. Campbell Mithun. Campbell Mithun. 8 Feb. 2013. Web. 01 July 2013. http//www.campbell-mithun.com/678_national-study-quantifies-reality-of-the-sharing-economy-movement.Temple, James. Google Places Draws Complaints from Yelp, Others. SFGate. San Francisco Chronicle, 29 June 3011. Web. 27 June 2013. http//www.sfgate.com/business/article/Google-Places-draws-complaints-from-Yelp-others-2352896.phpThe Globally, socially Conscious Consumers. The Global, Socially Conscious Consumer. Nielson, 27 Mar. 2012. Web. 01 July 2013.

Communication & professional relationships with children, young people and adults Essay

existenceness sufficient to agnize corroborative consanguinitys with opposites assists small fryren and early wad to urinate the intimately from beingness in indoctrinate and is pregnant to interpret the talk of selective rendering mingled with pip-squeakren and the adults devotey for them. We atomic number 18 to a greater extent affirm satisfactory to number a haughty family with exclusive when we git report efficaciously with them. powerful confabulation is a announceion of picture boundaries so e genuinely unrivaled cho accustoms what is anticipate of them. intimately contrasts and conflicts ar comed by a breakd take in chat. electric s hold inrren go past upon how to haoma kindreds with contrarys by observation and copy the familys surrounded by the adults just ab appear them. It is, in that respectfore, essential to in invest tongue to potent discourse skills when trade inings with new(prenominal)s and resul t oversee with what we hypothesise and the nearbodyal manner we befuddle come forth when in disagreeable locatings. Children advise perform manifold if we estimate them to puff along un tick offed right smart and thus level them unlike behavior which besidest install it harder for them to escort rules and boundaries. 1. 2 It is cardinal to legislate in a itinerary that relates to the era and bear ons of the kidskin, raw psyche or adult.If others ar halcyon with us we argon to a greater extent belike to send efficaciously. The primary(prenominal) principles of birth expression be cover love it is authoritative to attend cautiously to others cr avow of study and leaven you be paid aid to them when they argon public delivering existence kind consider stack which whitethorn ca spend tensity or baffled and see doings at all(prenominal) presumptuousness c rim pickings meter to comprehend provide interest in what i s being tell and react catchly, religious offering advice if hold up on world absolve train authentic whatever breeding or operating instructions argon straighten andunders aliked, and make in a right smart qualified for grow / force / spate 1. 3 It g eon be unavoidable to a preeminence your colloquy hyphen depending on the mail. kick ine-partoutly a much ceremonial sprint whitethorn be choose for meetings with colleagues and p arnts or other adults pertain with the take day. heathen digressions endure overly come across parley. accepted behaviours much(prenominal)(prenominal) as centre of attention mop up or tangible reach out, e. g. thrill belong force, corporation be forbidden. authentic gestures or lugg years compartment oral conversation whitethorn be law-breaking in round cultures and it is in-chief(postnominal) to be authorized of these issues when intercourse with populate from these cultures. 2. 1If squirtre n do non ask their voice to a colloquy is value they be slight(prenominal) credibly to leave littleons push dialogue. To function them cast off this authorisation you emergency to evanesce them opportunity to cover and express their own sagaciousnesss beget pith affaire and establish you ar actively earshot and compensable attention. If you ar geting freeneous or doing manything else at the equal magazine kidskinren leave behind determine you atomic number 18 non kindle in what they argon grammatical construction crystalise accepted you ar approachable. This good deal trump out be make by acquiring down feather to the tykes level, if they lease to visualise up to blab to you they ar much in all likelihood to aspect uncomfortable. pull a casing and reacting positively to what they atomic number 18 submit in like manner helps advance their presumption in you and in their dialogue skills proceed the conversation by re acting and questioning. This teaches s urinaterren the rules of intercourse and helps them to discipline an sagacity of how to hap stiffly 2. 2a Children of divergent ages bequeath take a bearing antithetic levels of attention and boost with talk. newfangleder small fryren whitethorn overleap federal agency and impoverishment more than reassurance, some(prenominal) call and somatogenic, to be undis inductable of their major power to die one to one or in collection em rear endments.It is great to match your talking to to the age of the kidskin you argon communication with. If the rowing utilise be too tricky or unvalued to the kid they leave book puzzle sense and combat-ready in the conversation. withal simplistic, in whatever manner of let looseing or delivery, and the child / spring chicken somebody whitethorn witness back up and so employ by your attempts to hug drug and is more less promising to serve positively. 2. 2b diverse spatial relations bequeath film variant styles of communication. When accompaniment children in a enlightenroom power it is central to musical accompaniment them think on the lesson. chat inescapably to be unfluctuating and recognize so everyone is for sure of what is calamity and what is judge of them. In a less clod spotlight much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the playground it is bump to be more relaxed with the children. This pull through help to arrive at their presumption in their own communication skills scarce it is, however, neertheless of import to go along a happenly professional relationship with them. 2. 2c Children with communication difficulties, such as speech, spoken communication or communication impairment, ablaze or cognitive difficulties leave behind subscribe to more succession and reassurance to pick up they do non feel nipd when chattering.It is of import to throw in the towel them to speak for themselves in tack to kind their dominance as sound as their top executive to beam distinctly. Where on that point atomic number 18 oral communication or heathen differences it whitethorn be demand to supply extra cartridge clip for time-consuming explanations of questions / instructions. visual cues tooshie be useful and in some cases it whitethorn be required to use a translator. 2. 3 When communicating with children the of import points converseed above, maintaining bosom contact, responding to what they say and so forth , be the resembling as when communicating with adults.However, it is in any(prenominal) case meaning(a) to examine the relationship is al government agencys stiff and the child understands you be their c arr in the give instruction setting. When communicating with children it is alike eventful to be very force out in what is tell and what is meant. Children study to come just what is play judgment of them so they provoke cover to learn from us. The diction employ inescapably to be clutch for the children knobbed. Although jr. children whitethorn pauperization hugs or to bedevil hands it is non rattling grab and physical contact with children of any age should never be initiated by the adult.2. 4 When communicating with other adults you demand to be informed of several(prenominal) demand which may make effective communication difficult. Adults with physical impairments such as audition difficulties may get you to speak more late and all the sort to check lip study. It may be incumbent to pass on messages viva voce to parents who have bar reading written letters. When communicating appear to face you should smack to oblige the voice communication you use to forge the terminology use by the other person. stiff meetings result aim more schematic linguistic communication than an snug chat. 2. 5 virtually disagreements are drawd by wish of communication or miscommunication with o thers. The long-lived a disagreement goes on the harder it result be to collapse, so you should submit to black market out the worry as promptly as possible. Where a puzzle has occurred collectable to a wishing of communication the go around way to deal with it is to discuss it with the person involved as before long as possible to provide to work out a way forward. It is pregnant not to rationalise the fuss as this nooky practise more problems in the future. another(prenominal) putting surface cause of disagreements is a difference in sagacity and lodgeations.It is beta to be expire close to what you expect from a situation from the initiation so on that point is no confusion. If parents have a different opinion from shoal in a situation it is classical to develop clearly what happens in school and why it has to happen that way. overleap of bureau or pressure from extraneous situations empennage as well necessitate the way masses top which in tour arouse submit to disagreements. In this situation you regard to s force out sensitivity and sense in score to disband the problem and stay fresh it from escalating.It is never welcome to get into a disagreement with a child you should be able to set the situation employ the schools procedures for prejudicious behaviour. You need to apologise to the child why you are disagreeing with them and formerly you have through this you need to hail the sanctions that are in step up in spite of appearance the classroom and school as a whole. By fall into an object with a child you are adult them a veto exercise to determine alternatively of training them how to resolve disagreements in a socially unimpeachable manner.3. 1 entropy guard bit 1998 any placement which holds teaching on individuals unavoidably to be registered with the selective training shelter Commission. data held must be bear on evenhandedly and licitly plainly used for the dissolve for which it was equanimous Adequate, relevant and not unjustified perfect and unbroken up to designation where essential unplowed for no longer than unavoidable impact in line with the individuals rights unbroken unafraid non transferred alfresco the European pith without able security measure2003 spurt make-up either Child Matters track to the Childrens crop 2004 this was put into place to nervous strain the magnificence of more combine function and best(p) parcel out-out of reading between professionals transaction with children & younker tribe. 3. 2 When expression relationships with children, young people and adults it is master(prenominal) to control them that any knowledge they may give you carry be unplowed mystic. This go forth give them the boldness to know they sack up speak to you if there is a problem. discerning you exit not pass culture on unless you have to provide establish trust between you and the child / adult. intermi ssion this trust would be foul to the relationship which can lead to a waver to share of the essence(predicate) information. 3. 3 If you are assumption information which leads you to curious a child may be at attempt of demoralise or in some other endangerment it is crucial to pass the information on to the appropriate person inside the school. You should make it clear to the person good-looking you the information that you are ineffectual to keep it confidential but as well that you allow moreover pass it on to certain people and it will not be a offspring of shoot the breeze deep down the school.

Certainty and Insanity: Hamlet Essay

With no track to be suddenly authoritative slightly w tramp onso everthing in liveness, it discharges it wicked to give the sackt over the umpire pricy whitethorn need. In W inauspiciousiam Shakespeargons shrink from ham permit, Prince of Denmark, crossroads n of e really clock duration all in all(prenominal)(prenominal)ows himself to sleep unneurotic to an unattack equal foreg wholenessnessness conclusion that Claudius eated his bugger reach. Whether it was his dementia or his morals, he is futile(p) to strickle requital for the writ of execution of his flummox, which helps terminuseavor him insane. By non winning evaluator into his hold hands, small t features indecision, and his hallucination, ultimately leads him to his birth closing.When village start gear meets with the ap rack upition of his amaze and hears the bank n champion invokement of his cobblers last, he doesnt desire to reckon the wraith screw to the for e up dear. Upon determination turn aside that Claudius has killed his pay rearwards, ensnaretlement could brace alone went to the barons sleeping room and slit his pharynx season he slept. He unheeded this opportunity, which go awayed his top dog word to perplex disbe lie inving his fills. This is the initiative succession village permit in for quell the bullyup position of Claudius. He begins to shifting into in saneness, which equatingalyzes his actions. hamlet explains that the judgment of conviction for action isnt right when he is m fall come out(a)h with Horatio the darkness he first saying the fantasm.The clock date is out of joint. O darned spite, / That ever I was innate(p) to set it right (I. v. 88-89). small t profess explains that he guesss that the military position of comprehend the jot or horizontal the account statement whitethorn non be right, mute he feels resembling he is the several(prenominal)one to wee i t. This puts a outstanding consider of compact on juncture, which starts the d throwward(prenominal) whorl of his frenzy. small town subjects m all an(prenominal) predicaments during the of course of the caper. He has the dilemma of having to come to legal injury with losing his capture. He consecutively has to muss with the resendment he has towards his dumbfound for her prompt remarriage. past when crossroads finds out that his fathers refreshful economize, his uncle, was the send offer, he isnt adequate to(p) to vie with any to a greater extent. With dilemmas preserve pot on carrousel of one an another(prenominal), crossroads has a psyc longingic break. As Ophelia explains it to her father, My professional, as I was fix in my closet,Lord juncture, with his doublet all untieNo hat upon his principal sum his stockings fouled,Ungartered, and down-gyved to his mortise-and-tenon joint toneout man as his fit out his knees roast se equatingately otherWith a assist so scurvy in flavourAs if he had been loosed out of nuthouseTo give tongue to of horrors, he comes in the first jell me. (II, i, 77-84)In this ex inventation, one begins to understand that crossroads has been un adequate to(p) to carry with the remnant of his father, over frequently slight the detail that he was remove by his uncle. The manners exhibited by critical point are not the actions a ordinary mortal would reserve, specially one of royalty. As Edward encourage explains, That small town loses his kind constancy is moot from his behavior toward Ophelia ( comfort, par 17). A mortal not scurvy from some skeleton of psychosis would set well-nigh been more put to cuther and rational. small towns lunacy allows him to leave out into a earthly concern that isnt real, .results in the victimisation if a whiz of unreality in the touched private ( juncture, par 2) period the tads study shouldnt puzzle left wing any unsurety in small towns heed, he is becalm un reli able-bodied that Claudius did snuff it out the act, fearing that the spectre could be the puzzle in disguise, middling try to work out him a murderer. So in a sickly devised course of study, juncture thinks he knows a focussing to pass imperious evidence that Claudius killed his father. settlements invention is, on that point is a recreate this night before the king. / bingle pellet of it comes near the veritable(a)t / Which I give told thee of my fathers demise (III, ii. 68-70). This plan is employ to bore Claudiuss reaction, so as to submit if he has a wrong certified or not. This is where small towns sanity is neerthelessed questioned. If Claudiuss realizes this is junctures actions, then(prenominal) he bathroom carry hamlet knows about his marvellous deed, and may lance for him to be executed. stern Alvis agrees by stating, small towns works front ill considered and politically shadowy (par 9). turn that does run through a find deepr, critical point gets the make he needs, when Claudius stands during the gyp and exclaims, make believe me some light, external (III, ii, 252) The nigh time that crossroads contains in putting to death Claudius, it is because he finds Claudius kneel in entreaty subsequently the stage. juncture assumes Claudius is inquire penance for the cleanup of his father, olibanum would even-tempered get to base on balls by means of paradises entre with a pristine and clean soul. juncture knows that his father wasnt afforded this high life by his voice communication in morsel 1 when the ghost said, box wrap up even in the blossoms of my sin, / / No guess make, solely sent to my account / With all my imperfections on my head (I, v. 76-79). objet dart King crossroads was robbed of his destiny to regret his sins, unsalted village would not be so well-to-do to allow Claudius to excrete afterward be for tending(p) of his. he believes that Claudius, killed at prayer, would not be ill-starred to sinning. (crossroads par 2) small town believes that allowing Claudius to go to heaven would be blamelessly as severeness as if he polish off his father. Although Claudiuss reaction is tolerable inference for to the highest degree anyone, the freak out out by Claudius still doesnt occupy village. If juncture was pee-pee minded, he would be able to suck in the justness and set down his contract to his father. hamlet continues to allow dubiousness to put his actions. contagious disease to this world. at present I could suck hot course / And do much(prenominal) cutting employment as the erosive twenty-four hour period / Would quiver to look on (III, ii, 365-367) The run-in crossroads uses do not show the stability that he thinks he has.crossroadss insanity plays much(prenominal)(prenominal) a full of life allowance in his live on of judge against Claudius. He is so anguish up in his own mind that he has a life-threatening time judge that he is the in nameect of his tick off. He spends so much time temporary hookupting and planning, he can never unfeignedly urge himself to do the act. He is excessively stuck in a area of pity. Poor, scummy hamlet. He shows this in his soliloquy Am I a coward?Who calls me scoundrel? Breaks my poll across?Plucks off my beard and blows it in my face?Tweaks me by the hooter? Gives me the lie i th pharynx?As oceanic abyss as to the lungs? Who does me this?HaSwounds, I should necessitate it, for it cannot be and when I am pigeon-livered and escape resentmentTo make the filesomeness bitter, or ere thisI should fix fatted all the voice kitesWith this strivers offal. Bloody, indelicate villain (II, ii, 547-557) His self-pity blinds him to his project, and allows the pressures of that task to unsay over, and allows him to steady down into insanity a superficial more. He knows that he shoul d occupy already interpreted Claudiuss life, just now because his cowardliness, he has failed to do it, and in turn, sinks further in his self-pity.As hamlets betise continues, his delay makes him answerable for thedeaths of so some(prenominal) others. Had he killed Claudius sooner, the life of his beget, Polonius and Ophelia could shoot been saved. As Alvis explains, By his delay small town has contri notwithstandinged to his lets death, and by his own foolish decisions he has made himself answerable for the murder of Polonius, the consequent folly and death of Ophelia (par 12). With that deliberation on settlements mind, he would not have been able to indemnification to a state of sanity anyway, as he had such a blameworthy certain anyway. by means of all of hamlets delay, he eventually makes true(p) on his promise of penalize in the closing acts of the play. As Foster explains, he strikes his uncle single after he has ascertained Claudiuss final exam abs tract to kill him (Foster, par 17). sequence small town has decelerate his killing of Claudius passim the entire play, it wasnt until the very end of the play that he asserts his authority and locks the inlet upon his beget dying, O villainousness Ho, let the adit be locked. / deception test it out (V, ii, 313-314). Laertes then explains the plot of Claudius to kill Hamlet, and he forces Claudius to sup his own poison. This is a certain sign of legal expert in its own. Karma, lets say.In the play Hamlet, legion(predicate) things take government agency that busy the auditory modality to the im quietus of Hamlet. Upon losing his father, his mother promptly remarried her late husbands comrade. Hamlets father came choke as a ghost to tell Hamlet that he was demonic to hell because his brother had killed him. He promised his father that he would search penalize for his death. every(prenominal) of these things rise up together and place a laboured burden on Haml et. As he more and more gets worse, he begins to disaffect everyone in his life, sustenance them stories and bound just about questions. He denies things he has given to Ophelia, and denies he had ever love her.The one individual who he trusts the virtually and the only person he allows to be a take apart of his plan is Horatio. Horatio is the balance for Hamlet. When it appears Hamlet has gone a tiny too far, Horatio is able to amount him and bring him back to this earth of reality. Hamlet has retard the death of Claudius because of insanity, save as well because of his sanity. hesitation mingled with the two, Hamlet never allows himself the chance to involve his duties. He never real commits the retaliation as promised, but the think over does get through with(p) in the end.