Assessment of Learning

ASSESSMENT IN INCLUSIVE SETTINGS EN judgement for larn and Pupils with Special Educational Needs The aim of this paper is to suffer a summary of the key issues that emerged during the Agency stomach discernment in Inclusive Settings in relation to the application of the concept of discernment for skill to pupils with special educational require (SEN). A signifi stopt aspect of inclusive judgment in rule that emerged from the on-going discussions with Project Experts was the concept of appraisal for eruditeness.References to this concept can be found in the majority of project Country Reports on national estimate systems (www. european-agency. org / pose/themes/assessment/index. shtml). Within these Country Reports, mind for Learning can be seen as a qualitative type of assessment procedures. This type of assessment to a fault referred to as formative or on-going assessment is usu solelyy carried out in classrooms by class teachers and professionals that work with the c lass teacher. It usu completelyy refers to assessment procedures that inform teachers or so pupils unwraping and guides them in planning the next steps in educational activity.As a central task within the second phase of the Agency project, a determination was taken to explore in more depth the concept of opinion for Learning and how this can be applied to assessment in inclusive settings. devil activities were conducted A re take of available literature considering the concept. This was a short review of English language materials (please see the reference list at the end of this document) Discussions with all Project Experts. Information from the initial review of available literature was presented to Project Experts as a stimulus for their discussions.This led to the Experts being asked to reflect on the differences among judicial decision for Learning (formative, ongoing assessment) and perspicacity of Learning (summative assessment) using the following parameters PAR AMETERS PURPOSE GOALS ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING Supporting Learning right (linked to predetermined standards) Informs teaching and instruction Promotes further steps in learning Foc drops on improving Develops pupils skills of reflection Collection of information about what has been achieved (a record of marks) Comp atomic number 18s with argets that establish been pre-established. Focuses on achievement www. european-agency. org 1 PARAMETERS ACTORS WHEN TOOLS ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING Teachers Pupils Parents Peers Other school professionals On-going ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING Teachers External practitioners At fixed and pre-determined times Discussions, observations, self- Tests, drilling, grading, marking, assessment, peer-assessment, questioning, observation teacher debate, comment-only, dialogue, questioning, feedback, no-grading, portfolio, someone education planAdapted from Harlen (2007a) The key difference between Assessment for Learning and Assessment of L earning can be identified as the purpose for which teachers and other(a) professionals gather grounds of learning. Although some tools may be the same (e. g. questioning) the key issues emerging from the feedback provided by Project Experts indicated that it is necessary to keep in mind that Assessment for Learning aims at improving learning Assessment of Learning aims at ensuring accountability (of schools and teachers). Assessment for Learning explores the potential for learning and indicates the next step to be taken in order to promote learning and focuses upon the dynamics of teaching and learning) Assessment of Learning shows what has been already achieved, memorised and absorbed and provides a snapshot of the current situation. The actors problematical in Assessment for Learning are able to provide insights into progress that a pupil has achieved and how the school contributed to this development the actors involved in Assessment of Learning include professionals who are external to the school situation (e. g. inspectors) and may be required to provide a picture of a school at a particular point in time, but they may non always know the school linguistic context and life in the necessary detail to provide insights into pupil learning.Assessment for Learning and Pupils with SEN? The concept of providing feedback to pupils about their learning is the crucial element in understanding the potential difference between the use of the term Assessment for Learning generally by educators as it is near often used for example within the project Country Reports and the use of the term within a research context. Overall, Assessment for Learning is concerned with collecting evidence about learning that is used to adapt teaching and plan next steps in learning.Evidence 2 www. european-agency. org about learning is crucial as it indicates if in that location has been a shift (or not) in a pupils learning progress and maybe learning processes. On the basis of such evidence, teachers can formulate targets/goals and are able to provide pupils with feedback about their learning (see Hattie and Timperly, 2007) clearly indicating to a pupil not just what they flummox learned, but overly giving them information on how they may have learned it and how best they can learn in the future.The feedback provided during Assessment for Learning contributes to a pupils reflection on their own learning. Within the research literature reviewed for this investigation, Assessment for Learning is often described as involving this form of self-reflection, or more specifically, as a means by which pupils reflect on their own learning as they are engaged in an interactive feedback draw in with their teachers.The essential aim of employing the feedback loop within Assessment for Learning is to promote pupils meta-cognition that is their own understanding of not just what they learn, but how they learn and can learn in the best way. This is clearly presented b y the Assessment Reform Group (2002) who describe Assessment for Learning as the process of seeking and interpreting evidence for use by learners and their teachers to decide where the learners are in their learning, where they need to go and how best to get there. Assessment Reform Group, p. 2) Assessment for Learning within this research-based context involves issues of self-reflection and self-assessment that develops a pupils own understanding of how learning is taking place and how it can be developed. This is particularly relevant as Assessment for Learning emphasises assessment as a process of meta-cognition (see for example the thought of Assessment as Learning in Western and Northern Canadian Protocol for Collaboration in Education, 2006).These notions, however, are not always the main focus when the concept of Assessment for Learning is used more generally (that is as in the project Country Reports). Meijer (2003) suggests that what is skinny for pupils with special edu cational needs is also good for all pupils and this maxim is one that has been considered throughout the entire Agency Assessment project. However, when considering the researchgenerated concept of Assessment for Learning, it has to be recognised that the work has been conducted in relation to pupils without SEN.Within the research work on Assessment for Learning considered in the literature review (Lynn and et al. , 1997 Black and Wiliam, 1998), issues around Assessment for Learning and pupils with SEN are only very marginally dealt with. Consequently, a decision was taken to actively explore within the Agency Assessment project the relevancy of the research-based concept of Assessment for Learning for the learning of pupils with SEN along with the possible implications for assessment procedures used by teachers, school managers, parents and even www. european-agency. org 3 upils themselves. Within the Agency Assessment project discussions therefore, the central question emerged as being is what is good for most pupils also good for pupils with SEN? The discussions with project experts essentially explored if the research concept of Assessment for Learning was valid for pupils with SEN. Two main areas were debated by Project Experts 1. Does Assessment for Learning mean the same thing for pupils with and without SEN? Are same principles applied? 2. Are there differences in the use of Assessment for Learning for pupils with and without SEN?If so what are these differences for pupils, teachers, school managers and educational practice? Assessment for Learning a relevant concept The most main outcome emerging from the discussions of the Project Experts is the agreement that Assessment for Learning is a significant element in successful teaching and learning of teaching with all pupils, including those with SEN. In essence, the critical question to ask is not whether Assessment for Learning can be applied to pupils with special educational needs, but sooner how i t can be applied.However, one potential area of concern was highlighted by project experts in relation to using Assessment for Learning with pupils with the most crude(a) needs. In particular, engaging pupils with profound and multiple learning difficulties in the feedback loop was seen as being challenging. However, project experts reflections on this potential difficulty can be summed up as follows students with profound difficulties do not need different assessment systems, but only different methods/tools of assessment.Assessment for Learning methods and tools In relation to tools for Assessment for Learning, Project Experts feedback indicates that m any(prenominal) Assessment for Learning set aboutes (such as individualised observation, portfolios and diaries) have been extensively used in special needs education settings for some spacious time. In relation to other potential methods and tools it is necessary to underline the fact that Assessment for Learning methods and t ools can be used with pupils with SEN providing that they are modified and familiarized (accommodated) to pucker the needs of the individual pupil. www. european-agency. org Teacher observation was seen by Project Experts as a main method for gathering Assessment for Learning information. This approach is seen as particularly relevant for pupils with SEN as it may be the only method available to gather information about the learning of pupils who use non- or pre-verbal forms of communication. However, the Project Experts inputs suggested that teachers needed to be given more guidance by specialists in order to improve their skills in observation.Specifically, project experts indicated that more guidance should be given to develop more individualised methods of observation of pupils with SEN. Some suggestions included the use of videos as helpful tools to collect evidence of learning for students with profound learning difficulties and to provide teachers with the best opportunitie s to reflect upon assessment and discuss the evidence with their colleagues. Questioning is often a crucial part of the teacher pupil interaction that occurs in the Assessment for Learning feedback loop.Project Experts indicated that questioning pupils with SEN is also possible and necessary but only if the questions are framed in a way that allows pupils to have enough time to answer (the wait time) and if different stimuli to support questions (e. g. visual versus verbal stimuli) and ways of responding (e. g. eye contact) are considered In addition, Project Experts also indicated that the portfolio if complemented with other information, for example the pupils IEP or specialist therapeutic programmes could be a tool for dialogue with other professionals and parents.Finally, Project Experts expressed their view that approaches that encourage selfassessment and particularly self-reflection are tools within Assessment for Learning provided that they are adequately adapted and m odified to meet the needs of individual pupils. The reinforcement of self-assessment skills was seen as a crucial goal for pupils with severe learning difficulties whose personal learning targets may often include autonomy and independence. These competences are fundamental skills clearly back up by the development of self-reflection and meta-cognitive skills (Porter et al. 2000). Assessment for Learning implications for school managers All Project Experts agreed on the important role played by school managers in creating the opportunities for teachers to discuss and reflect on assessment issues and for parents to participate in the process of assessment of their children. There is a need for head and deputy school managers to monitor lizard planning and assessment more home/school diaries, informal chats reviews, phone calls. www. european-agency. org 5School managers are crucial actors for the development of an organisational ethos that recognises pupils involvement as fundam ental (Porter, Robertson and Hayhoe, 2000). Without respect for pupils wishes and a general school philosophy that supports pupil participation, Assessment for Learning is less likely to develop. Overall, as far as school managers are concerned, Project Experts crossways different Agency countries indicated there is a real need for them to provide all teachers with more formal time to reflect on their use of assessment in order that they can successfully engage in Assessment for Learning processes with pupils.Conclusions All of the contributions from the project experts were unanimous the concept of Assessment for Learning as currently understood by countries, but most importantly for this debate also as described in the research literature is valid for all pupils including those with SEN. From the discussions held with Project Experts, this proposition can be developed further Assessment for Learning concerns all pupils and from an inclusive perspective there should not be any n eed to differentiate between pupils with or without SEN, but rather to differentiate classroom practice to meet all pupils requirements.Building on this assertion, four main findings can be highlighted 1. The same principles of Assessment for Learning apply to pupils with or without SEN. 2. The only difference in Assessment for Learning between pupils with and without special educational needs is essentially in the type of tools and the assessment/ communication methods used by teachers. 3. The only area of concern relating to Assessment for Learning being applied to pupils with SEN relates to the notion of Assessment for Learning as a tool for pupils reflection on their own learning (i. e. the interaction between the pupil and teacher during the feedback loop).For pupils who use alternative forms of communication this feedback process cannot operate in the traditional language based way. In this case, a more individualised approach, new assessment tools and a variety of means for t eacher/pupil interaction need to be explored and implemented for example close observation in structured situations which allows teachers to assess pupils likes/dislikes and so forth. 4. Many methods and tools of Assessment for Learning have been developed within special needs education settings and could be transferred into mainstream ettings to improve educational provision for all pupils. In summary, Assessment for Learning can and should be applied to all pupils, including those with SEN, providing that the relevant and necessary changes and 6 www. european-agency. org modifications are made in order to ensure the individual pupils full participation in the assessment process. It is clear that the discussions relating to the concept of Assessment for Learning within the remit of the Agency Assessment project have only provided a starting point.More detailed examination research and also the wider dissemination of examples of good practice in applying Assessment for Learning to meet the needs of pupils with SEN is needed in the future. It is hoped however, that the reflections from project experts as well as their assertion of the usefulness of the concept in supporting the learning processes of all pupils testament inform the work and decision making of educational policy makers and practitioners across Europe.For the full text of this paper including direct quotations from Project Experts relating to the key findings please go to http//www. european-agency. org/site/themes/assessment/index. shtml www. european-agency. org 7 References Assessment Reform Group (1999) Assessment for Learning Beyond the Black Box. Cambridge University of Cambridge School of Education. Assessment Reform Group (2002) Assessment for Learning 10 principles. Research-based principles to guide classroom practice. Nuffield Foundation Electronic source available online at http//www. qca. rg. uk/libraryAssets/media/ 4031_afl_principles. pdf (Last accessed November 2008). Black, P . and William, D. (2002) Inside the Black Box Raising Standards through classroom Assessment London Kings College. Harlen, W. (2007a) Assessment of Learning. London Sage. Harlen, W. (2007b) The Quality of Learning assessment alternatives for primary education. (Primary Review Research Survey 3/4). Cambridge University of Cambridge. Hattie, J. & Timperly, H. (2007) The fountain of feedback. Review of Educational Research, Vol. 77, N. 1, pp. 81-112. Lynn, S. F. and et al. 1997) Effects of task-focused goals on low-achieving students with and without learning disabilities American Educational Research Journal, 34, 513-543. Meijer, C. J. W. (ed. ) (2003) Inclusive Education and Classroom Practices. Middelfart European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education. Porter, J. , Robertson, C. and Hayhoe, H. (eds. ) (2000) Classroom Assessment for Students with Learning Difficulties/Disabilities. Birmingham Qualifications & Curriculum Authority. William, D. (2007) Assessment for learn ing why, what and how. London Institute of Education, University of London.William, D. and Leahy, S. (2007) A theoretical foundation for formative assessment. In J. McMillan, H. (ed. ) Formative Classroom Assessment Theory into Practice (pp. 29-42). New York Teachers College Press. Western and Northern Canadian Protocol for Collaboration in Education, (ed. ) (2006) Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind. Crown Right of the Government of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory Western and Northern Canadian Protocol for Collaboration in Education. 8 www. european-agency. org